Controlling Notes Business Studies Class 12 PDF

Controlling is the management function that ensures that actual performance matches the planned performance. It helps in identifying deviations and taking corrective actions.

Steps in the Controlling Process:

  1. Setting Performance Standards – Benchmarks to compare actual results.

  2. Measuring Actual Performance – Using tools like reports, observation, etc.

  3. Comparing Actual with Standards – Identifying deviations.

  4. Analyzing Deviations – Finding causes and significance (e.g., Critical Point Control, Management by Exception).

  5. Taking Corrective Action – Fixing problems to avoid future deviations.

Importance of Controlling:

  • Ensures achievement of goals

  • Judging accuracy of standards

  • Efficient use of resources

  • Improves employee motivation

  • Facilitates coordination

  • Helps in planning (future improvements)

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